Historia del condón y otros métodos anticonceptivos / History of condoms and other contraceptive methods

El uso del condón es un método eficaz para prevenir enfermedades venéreas y un embarazo no deseado. Años atrás se puede apreciar cómo se debate dónde y cómo los llamados dispositivos intrauterinos fueron utilizados por primera vez. La siguiente investigación se realizó con el objetivo de explicar el surgimiento y la evolución del condón y otros métodos anticonceptivos, para ello se utilizaron un total de 15 referencias bibliográficas. Es indudable que la anticoncepción tiene que figurar como elemento básico de la atención en medicina, el conocimiento de sus orígenes, historia y evolución es fundamental. (AU)

The use of the condom is an effective method to prevent venereal diseases and an unwanted pregnancy. Years ago you can see how it is discussed where and how the so-called intrauterine devices were used for the first time. The following investigation was carried out with the objective of explaining the emergence and evolution of the condom and other contraceptive methods, for which a total of 15 bibliographical references were used. Undoubtedly, contraception must figure as a basic element of medical care, knowledge of its origins, history and evolution is fundamental. (AU)

Historia del condón y otros métodos anticonceptivos / History of condoms and other contraceptive methods

El uso del condón es un método eficaz para prevenir enfermedades venéreas y un embarazo no deseado. Años atrás se puede apreciar cómo se debate dónde y cómo los llamados dispositivos intrauterinos fueron utilizados por primera vez. La siguiente investigación se realizó con el objetivo de explicar el surgimiento y la evolución del condón y otros métodos anticonceptivos, para ello se utilizaron un total de 15 referencias bibliográficas. Es indudable que la anticoncepción tiene que figurar como elemento básico de la atención en medicina, el conocimiento de sus orígenes, historia y evolución es fundamental. (AU)

The use of the condom is an effective method to prevent venereal diseases and an unwanted pregnancy. Years ago you can see how it is discussed where and how the so-called intrauterine devices were used for the first time. The following investigation was carried out with the objective of explaining the emergence and evolution of the condom and other contraceptive methods, for which a total of 15 bibliographical references were used. Undoubtedly, contraception must figure as a basic element of medical care, knowledge of its origins, history and evolution is fundamental. (AU)

[Historical Transition of Sexuality Education in Japan and Outline of Reproductive Health/Rights].

In this paper, we describe the historical transition of sexuality education in Japan and the direction of sexuality education taken by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT). Reproductive health/rights, a key concept in sex education, is also discussed. In Japanese society, discussion on sexuality has long been considered taboo. After the Second World War, sexuality education in Japan began as "purity education." From 1960 until the early 1970s, physical aspects such as genital organs, function, secondary sexual characteristics, and gender differences were emphasized. Comprehensive education as a human being, including physiological, psychological, and social aspects, began to be adopted in the late 1970s. In 2002, it was criticized that teaching genital terms at primary schools and teaching about sexual intercourse and contraceptive methods at junior high schools were "overdue guidance" and "extreme contents." Sexuality education in schools has become a problem and has stagnated for about 10 years. Currently, schools teach sexuality education that does not deviate from the MEXT course guidelines. The direction of MEXT regarding sexuality education should be examined from the basic position that sexual activity by children is inappropriate. Reproductive health/rights apply the concept of human rights to sexuality and reproduction. Reproductive health/rights are key concepts that support sex education and women's health.

Evolution and Resistance to Sexuality Education in Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Since the 1930s, Mexico has made substantial progress in providing adolescents with sexuality education through an evolving national school-based program. As part of a broader effort to document strategies to build support for and deal with resistance to sexuality education, this analysis uses a historical lens to answer 2 key questions: (1) How has the nature of sexuality education in Mexico evolved from the 1930s to the 2010s? (2) How have the drivers, responses, support, and resistance to sexuality education impacted Mexico's experience implementing and sustaining school-based sexuality education? METHODS: The analysis was informed by a review of peer-reviewed and gray literature as well as the personal experience and documents of one of the authors, who has played a central role in Mexico's sexuality education effort for 50 years. The findings were organized according to 4 time periods-the 1930s, the 1970s, the 1990s, and the first 2 decades of the 21st century-that emerged during the analysis as distinct periods with regard to the social and political context of school-based sexuality education. Within each of these time periods, the following 4 thematic aspects were assessed: drivers, responses, support, and resistance, with a particular focus on the rationales and strategies of resistance over time.Findings: This analysis identified determined support for school-based sexuality education in the 4 historical time periods from a range of governmental and nongovernmental stakeholders. However, opposition to sexuality education also steadily rose in the time period considered, with a growing range of more organized and well-financed actors. The Mexican government's commitment to delivering school-based sexuality education has driven its inclusion in public schools, along with expansion of its curricula from primarily biological content to a more comprehensive approach. CONCLUSION: Mexico's experience with sexuality education can inform other countries' efforts to consider the drivers, responses, support, and resistance that may be present in their own contexts. This type of analysis can contribute to strategic, well-informed, and well-conceived programmatic design and implementation to build support for sexuality education and deal with resistance.

Nurses Urged to Prepare for Sex Education.

Editors' note: From its first issue in 1900 through to the present day, AJN has unparalleled archives detailing nurses' work and lives over more than a century. These articles not only chronicle nursing's growth as a profession within the context of the events of the day, but they also reveal prevailing societal attitudes about women, health care, and human rights. Today's nursing school curricula rarely include nursing's history, but it's a history worth knowing. To this end, From the AJN Archives highlights articles selected to fit today's topics and times.This month we reprint a brief "Professional Practice" note from the June 1969 issue about what was described as the first family planning conference for nurse educators. Speakers emphasized the need to make this subject a routine part of nursing school curricula (despite debates over the nurse's role in family planning), "so that nurses can counsel out of wisdom and not from piety or ignorance." Speakers included James Lieberman, MD, who years later coauthored with his daughter a teen sex guide, and Alan Guttmacher, MD, then president of Planned Parenthood, whose Center for Family Planning Program Development within that organization was later renamed the Guttmacher Institute in his honor.Nurses today are deeply involved in sexual and reproductive health care. In this issue, public health specialist Diane Santa Maria and colleagues offer ways to advance sexual and reproductive health care for adolescents by devising more friendly, youth-oriented clinical settings.

"Males Vergonzantes" y prostitución reglamentada. Rosario, Argentina (1874-1932) / "Shameful diseases" and the legal regulation of prostitution. Rosario-Argentina (1874-1932)

A fines del siglo XIX y principios del XX las enfermedades venéreas despertaron especial atención en los discursos médicos, periodísticos y políticos. Las normativas municipales en torno a la cuestión de la prostitución y a un conjunto de problemas propios de ciudades, que como Rosario sufrieron un proceso de modernización brusca, daban cuenta de lo mencionado. La prostitución aparecía vinculada en las representaciones epocales con las enfermedades venéreas, en especial, la sífilis y la blenorragia, caracterizadas junto con el alcoholismo y la tuberculosis como algunos de los grandes males sociales evitables. La prostitución era percibida como el principal foco de difusión de éstas. En este trabajos analizamos discursos sobre las enfermedades venéreas, "secretas", como también se las conocía por entonces, los miedos que despertaban y algunas prácticas profilácticas desplegadas a los efectos de proteger los cuerpos individuales y el cuerpo social de la ciudad en el período de vigencia del sistema de prostitución reglamentada en Rosario (1874-1932) (AU)

In late 19th and early 20th century venereal diseases received special attention in the medical, journalistic and political speeches. Local regulations regarding the issue of prostitution and the tipical problems of cities which, like Rosario, underwent a process of sudden modernization, accounted for this special attention. Prostitution appeared in epochal representations associated with venereal diseases, especially syphilis and gonorrhea, witch, together with alcoholism and tuberculosis, were characterized as some of the major preventable social ills. Prostitution was perceived as the main source of sexually transmitted infections. In this work we analyze discourses on venereal diseases also called "secret" at that time; we also analyse the fears these instilled in society and the prophylactic practices adopted to protect the individual bodies and the social body of the city when the regulated prostitution system was in force in Rosario (1874-1932) (AU)

Meu encontro com os outros: memórias de José de Albuquerque, pioneiro da s políticos governança políticas urbana sexologia no Brasil

A sexualidade como função fisiológica e o desejo sexual como necessidade orgânica primária. A educação sexual – para homens e mulheres – como estratégia para solucionar não só o problema das doenças venéreas, mas outros como a desarmonia conjugal e as perversões sexuais. A legitimação e institucionalização da andrologia, a ciência do homem. A crítica à abstinência sexual socialmente imposta às mulheres solteiras e viúvas. Essas eram algumas das ideias defendidas pelo autoproclamado sexólogo e andrologista brasileiro José de Albuquerque, médico que, embora tenha enfrentado tabus, levantado polêmicas e causado rebuliço na elite carioca nos anos 1930, ficou esquecido ao longo das décadas seguintes. Mas agora esse importante personagem da história da sexualidade no Brasil volta à cena com a publicação de sua autobiografia até então inédita. Enfim, para além das peripécias de uma vida bastante agitada e de uma singular trajetória profissional, a autobiografia desvela aspectos interessantíssimos do desenvolvimento das ciências médicas no Rio de Janeiro do entreguerras. Nela, aparecem seus principais personagens, a vida em suas escolas e o universo de sua prática, afirmam os organizadores. Sua leitura na segunda década dos anos 2000 permite colocar em uma nova perspectiva a própria história da sexualidade no Brasil, um campo que hoje, como nos anos 1930, continua tensionado por inúmeros dilemas, conflitos e impasses.

Listen and Watch: The Practice of Lecturing and the Epistemological Status of Sex Education Films in Germany.

This article takes as its starting point Frauennot-Frauenglück (Women's Misery--Women's Happiness), a film representative of health education films on sex hygiene in Weimar Germany. This paper opens by situating the film in the landscape of German health education films from World War I to the Weimar era. I document the evolution of interest in sexual health education films in the early decades of the twentieth century and show how their narratives changed as a result of the increasing popularity of feature films in the Weimar period. The article then focuses on the lectures which accompanied health education films. I argue that an analysis of these under-investigated lectures can raise new stimulating epistemological questions on the historical status of health education films, as these lectures changed the filmic dispositive. I show how this common practice served as a technique of rhetorical reworking in efforts to adjust or orient the visuality of what was shown to the public. Drawing on two very different lectures which accompanied Frauennot-Frauenglück, the article identifies two approaches to lecturing. While one consisted in enabling controversial films to be screened to the public, the other (socialist) approach transforms initial censorial intentions, allowing the speaker stress his personal or new positions.

Debating Sex: Education Films and Sexual Morality for the Young in Post-War Germany, 1945-1955.

After 1945 rapidly climbing figures of venereal disease infections menaced the health of the war-ridden German population. Physicians sought to gain control over this epidemic and initiated large-scale sex education campaigns to inform people about identification, causes and treatment of VD and advised them on appropriate moral sexual behaviour as a prophylactic measure. Film played a crucial role in these campaigns. As mass medium it was believed film could reach out to large parts of society and quickly disseminate sexual knowledge and moral codes of conduct amongst the population. This essay discusses the transition of the initial central role of sex education films in the fight against venereal disease in the immediate post-war years towards a more critical stance as to the effects of cinematographic education of the young in an East and West German context.

Interview with Oswalt Kolle (1928-2010): German sex education pioneer.

INTRODUCTION: Alfred Kinsey (1894-1956) was the first pioneer of scientific sexology after World War II with his surveys on human sexuality in the male (1948) and the female (1953), which underwent worldwide translations and also had a major impact in Europe. AIM: To clarify the role of the journalist Oswalt Kolle (1928-2010) as the promoter of sex education in Germany and Western Europe in the late 1960s. METHODS: The information is almost exclusively based on a live interview taken with the time witness Oswalt Kolle in February 2010. This scientific technique of oral history is well established in the field of history research today. RESULTS: Kolle has a strong family background in the medical field as his father was a well-known psychiatrist and his grandfather a prominent bacteriologist. Before starting an interest in sex education, Kolle was a successful journalist by interviewing celebrities but turned into one of the most important critics against the restricted views on sex in Germany and Western Europe in the 1960s. His books and films on sexuality were translated into at least 12 languages and were major blockbusters for at least a decade. CONCLUSIONS: Oswalt Kolle had more influence on the public awareness and practice of sexuality in Western Europe and especially Germany than any other single person in his time.

Análisis de actores claves asociados al desarrollo de políticas públicas para madres adolescentes en Chile / Analysis of key players associated with the development of public policies for teenage mothers in Chile / Análise de atores-chave associados ao desenvolvimento de políticas públicas para mães adolescentes no Chile

En el ámbito de las políticas públicas de Chile el tema de la maternidad adolescente ha sido abordadoa partir de posturas ideológicas divergentes. Estas obstaculizan la formulación y la implementación depolíticas eficaces que atiendan directamente las necesidades de la población afectada. Como objetivo de lainvestigación se propone analizar las posturas de las comunidades involucradas en los procesos de formulaciónde políticas para madres adolescentes en Chile. Para responder al interrogante de la investigaciónse realizó un estudio mixto en el que se integraron estrategias cualitativas y cuantitativas para el análisisde datos textuales. Los diferentes actores coinciden en señalar la maternidad adolescente como un temaque requiere un tratamiento intersectorial, que supere la discusión en relación con la educación sexual delos adolescentes y que brinde posibilidades que permitan superar las condiciones de inequidad a las quese ven expuestos los adolescentes cuando ya son padres y/o madres. Sin embargo, el desconocimiento delos mecanismos de participación y de las posibilidades de intervención que podría tener cada comunidaden los procesos de formulación de políticas públicas, invisibiliza posturas que permitirían avanzar hacia eldesarrollo de políticas que atiendan las necesidades de los adolescentes en el ejercicio responsable de suparentalidad, mediante las cuales se movilicen las instancias de apoyo requeridas para el ajuste e inclusiónde esta nueva realidad a su proyecto de vida...

In the context of public policy in Chile the issue of teenage pregnancy has been approached from divergentideological positions, which hinder the development and implementation of effective policies that addressdirectly the needs of the affected population. The objective of the research is to analyze the positions ofthe communities involved in the processes of formulating policies for teenage mothers in Chile. To answerthe research question we conducted a mixed study which integrated qualitative and quantitative strategiesfor analyzing textual data. Different actors agree on the teenage pregnancy as an issue requiring intersectoraltreatment capable of overcoming the discussion in relation to teenage sexual education, that offersopportunities in order to overcome inequitable conditions to which adolescents are exposed when they arefathers and / or mothers. However, the lack of knowledge of participation mechanisms and possibilities ofintervention that could have each community in the processes of formulating public policies, renders invisiblethe positions that would allow to advance towards the development of policies that meet the needs ofadolescents in the responsible exercise of their parenthood, to mobilize support instances required for theadjustment and inclusion of this new reality to their life project...

No âmbito das políticas públicas do Chile o tema da maternidade adolescente tem se abordado a partir deposturas ideológicas divergentes. Estas obstruem a formulação e implementação de políticas eficazes queatendam diretamente as necessidades da população afetada. Como objetivo da pesquisa propõe-se analisaras posturas das comunidades envolvidas nos processos de formulação de políticas para mães adolescentesno Chile. Para responder a questão da pesquisa realizou-se um estudo misto no qual foram integradasestratégias qualitativas e quantitativas para a análise de dados textuais. Os diferentes atores concordamem assinalar a maternidade adolescente como tema que requer um tratamento intersetorial, que supere adiscussão em relação com a educação sexual dos adolescentes e brinde possibilidades que permitam superaras condições de iniquidade às que estão expostos os adolescentes quando já são pais e/ou mães. No entanto,o desconhecimento dos mecanismos de participação e das possibilidades de intervenção que poderia tercada comunidade nos processos de formulação de políticas públicas, invisibiliza posturas que permitiriamavançar para o desenvolvimento de políticas que atendessem as necessidades dos adolescentes no exercícioresponsável da sua parentalidade, mediante as quais se mobilizassem as instancias de apoio requeridas parao ajuste e inclusão desta nova realidade a seu projeto de vida...

Histórico do campo da sexologia no Brasil / History of the field of sexology in Brazil

Do ponto de vista de uma história da sexologia no Brasil, destaca-se o período que vai de finais do século XIX até o final dos anos 1920, como de intenso florescimento de um discurso sobre sexo no Brasil. Foi somente na década de 1930 que surgiram os primeiros profissionais que se autodesignaram como "sexólogos" e que trabalharam em prol da constituição de uma disciplina específica. (AU)